References
Over 5000 scientific papers have informed the contents of this website and they cannot all be listed here but important references below are marked in the text pages. Several individuals and their research groups have contributed greatly to our understanding of CTS over the last few years and particular mention should be made of:
Prof. Luca Padua, Rome, Italy
Dr. Isam Atroshi, Hassleholm, Sweden
Dr Jeffrey N Katz, Boston USA
Dr Alan E Freeland, University of Mississippi, USA
Individual papers
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - R - S - T - U - V - W - Y
Abe M, Ichinohe K, Nishida J. Diagnosis, treatment, and complications of thoracic outlet syndrome. J Orthop Sci 1999;4(1):66-69.
Abicalaf, C. A., N. de Barros, et al. (2007). "Ultrasound evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome before and after endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament." Clin Radiol 62: 890-894.
Ahn, D.-S. (2001). "Hand elevation: a new test for carpal tunnel syndrome." Ann Plast Surg 46(2): 120-124.
Akalin, E. El, O. Peker, O, Seoncak, O. Tamci, S. Gulbahar, S. Cakmur, R. Oncel, S (2002) “Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with nerve and tendon gliding exercises” Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81(2):108-113
Al-Qattan, M. M., R. T. Manktelow, et al. (1994). "Outcome of carpal tunnel release in diabetic patients." Journal of Hand Surgery 19B(5): 626-629.
Allampallam, K., J. Chakraborty, et al. (1996). "Explant culture, immunoflourescence and electron-microscopic study of flexor retinaculum in carpal tunnel syndrome." J Occup Environ Med 38: 264-271.
Altinok, T., O. Baysal, et al. (2004). "Ultrasonographic assessment of mild and moderate idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome." Clin Radiol 59(10): 916-925.
Alves MPT, Araujo GCS. Low-level laser therapy after carpal tunnel release. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
2011;46(6):697–701
Ashraf, A. R., R. Jali, et al. (2009). "The diagnostic value of ultrasonography in patients with electrophysiologicaly confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome." Electromyography & Clinical Neurophysiology 49(1): 3-8.
Ashraf A, Yazdani AH, Mirshams S. Evaluation of effectiveness of local insulin injection in type 2 diabetic patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2008;2:95-103.
Ashworth NL, Bland JDP. "Effectiveness of second corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome" Muscle and Nerve 2013 - Online in advance of print
Assmus, H. and F. Staub (2004). "[Postmastectomy lymphedema and carpal tunnel syndrome. Surgical considerations and advice for patients]." Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 36(4): 237-240.
Atroshi I, Hofer M, Larsson G-U, Ornstein E, Johnsson R, Ranstam J. Open Compared With 2-Portal Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: A 5-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Hand Surgery 2009;34A:266-72.
Atroshi, I., C. Gummesson, et al. (2007). "Carpal tunnel syndrome and keyboard use at work." Arthritis and Rheumatism 56(11): 3620-3625.
Atroshi I. The SF-6D Health Utility Index in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. J Hand Surgery 2007;32B:198-202.
Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, Ornstein E, Ranstam J, Rosen I. "Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population." JAMA 1999;282(2):153-58.
Atroshi I, Hofer M, Larsson G-U, et al. Open Compared With 2-Portal Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release: A 5-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Hand Surgery 2009;34A:266-72.
Atroshi I, Lyten P-E, Ornstein E, Gummeson C. "The Six-Item CTS Symptoms Scale and Palmar Pain Scale in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." J Hand Surgery 2011;36A:768-94.
Atroshi I, Flondell M, Hofer M, Ranstam, J. "Methylprednisolone Injections for the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Annals of Internal Medicine, 2013;159:309-317
Aung KK, Wu WK, Tokumi A, et al. Does a Directive to an Internet Site Enhance the Doctor-Patient Interaction? A Prospective Randomized Study for Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97(13):1112-8.
Banta CA. A prospective, nonrandomised study of iontophoresis, wrist splinting, and anti-inflammatory medication in the treatment of early-mild carpal tunnel syndrome. J Occup Med 1994;36:166-68.
Barcenilla, A., L. M. March, et al. (2012). "Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relationship to occupation: a meta-analysis." Rheumatology (Oxford) 51(2): 250-261.
Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN. Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. J Bone Joint Surg 2005;87A(5):1038-46.
Beck JD, Brothers JG, Maloney PJ, Deegan JH, Tang X, C KJ. Predicting the Outcome of Revision Carpal Tunnel Release. J Hand Surgery 2012;37A:282-287
Beekman, R., J. H. Wokke, et al. (2004). "Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: follow-up and prognostic factors determining outcome." Neurology 63: 1675-1680
Bekkelund SI, Pierre-Jerome C, Torbergsen T, et al. Impact of occupational variables in carpal tunnel syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;103(3):193-97.
Bender DA. "Vitamin B6: Beyond Adequacy." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011;16(1):29-39.
Berger L, Li Z-M. Balloon carpal tunnel plasty: first comparative clinical study. Pittsburgh Orthopaedic Journal 2006.
Berger M, Vermeulen M, Koelman JHTM, van Schaik IN, Roos YBWEM. "The long-term follow-up of treatment with corticosteroid injections in patiets with carpal tunnel syndrome. When are multiple injections indicated?" Journal of Hand Surgery; 2013; 38E(6); 634-639
Bharucha NE, Bharucha AE, Bharucha EP. "Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in the Parsi community of Bombay." Neurology 1991;41:1315-17.
Bindra, R. R., B. A. Evanoff, et al. (1977). "The use of routine wrist radiography in the evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 22A: 115-119.
Bland, J. D. P. (2000). "A neurophysiological grading scale for carpal tunnel syndrome." Muscle and Nerve 23: 1280-1283.
Bland JDP, Rudolfer SM. "Clinical surveillance of carpal tunnel syndrome in two areas of the United Kingdom, 1991-2001." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1674-79.
Bland, J. D. P. (2005). "The relationship of obesity, age, and carpal tunnel syndrome: More complex than was thought? ." Muscle and Nerve 32(4): 527-532.
Bland, J. D. P. (2007). "Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome." Muscle and Nerve 36: 167-171.
Bland, J. D. P. (2007). "Use of screening blood tests in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome." J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 78: 551.
Bland, JDP, Weller, P, Rudolfer S (2011) "Questionnaire tools for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome from the patient history" Muscle and Nerve 44: 757-762
Bland JDP, Ashworth NL. Does prior local corticosteroid injection prejudice the outcome of subsequent carpal tunnel decompression? Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 2015:epub ahead of print.
Blankfield, R. P., C. Sulzmann, et al. (2001). "Therapeutic touch in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome." J Am Board Fam Pract 14(5): 335-342.
Blazar PE, Floyd WET, Han CH, Rozental TD, Earp BE (2015). "Prognostic Indicators for Recurrent SYmptoms After a Single Injection for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome" J Bone Joint Surg Am 97: 1563-70
Bower, J. A., G. J. Stanisz, et al. (2006). "An MRI evaluation of carpal tunnel dimensions in healthy wrists: Implications for carpal tunnel syndrome." Clin Biomech 21(8): 816-825.
Bozentka, D. J., P. Beredjiklian, et al. (2001). "Hand Related Disorders Following Axillary Dissection for Breast Cancer." University of Pensylvania Orthopaedic Journal 14: 35-37.
Branco K, Naeser MA. Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical outcome after low-level laser acupuncture, microamps transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and other alternative therapies--an open protocol study. J Altern Complement Med 1999;5(1):5-26.
Brooks JJ, Schiller JR, Allen SD, Akelman E. Biomechanical and anatomical consequences of carpal tunnel release. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2003;18:685-93.
Brown E, Genoway KA. Impact of diabetes on outcomes in hand surgery. J Hand Surg Am 2011;36(12):2067-72.
Buchberger W, Judmaier W, Birbamer G, Lener M, Schmidauer C. Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnosis with high resolution sonography. Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:793-98.
Capasso, M., C. Manzoli, et al. (2009). "Management of extreme carpal tunnel syndrome: evidence from a long-term follow-up study." Muscle and Nerve.
Carroll RE, Hurst LC. The relationship of the thoracic outlet syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Orthop 1982;164:149-53.
Carter R, Hall T, Aspy C, Mold J. The effectiveness of magnet therapy for treatment of wrist pain attributed to carpal tunnel syndrome. J Fam Pract 2002;51(1):38-40.
Castelli, W. A., F. G. Evans, et al. (1980). "Intraneural connective tissue proliferation of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 61: 418-422.
Chammas, M., et al., Dupuytren's disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Hand Surgery, 1995. 20A: p. 109-114.
Chang, M. H., H. T. Chiang, et al. (1998). "Oral drug of choice in carpal tunnel syndrome." Neurology 51(2): 390-393.
Chung KC, Pillsbury MS, Walters MR, et al. Reliability and validity testing of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. J Hand Surgery 1998;23A(4):575-87.
Choi, S.-J. and D.-S. Ahn (1998). "Correlation of clinical history and electrodiagnostic abnormalities with outcome after surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 102(7): 2374-2380
Cobb, T. K., J. R. Bond, et al. (1997). "Assessement of the ratio of carpal contents to carpal tunnel volume in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a preliminary report." Journal of Hand Surgery 22A: 635-639
Colbert AP, Markov MS, Carlson N, Gregory WL, Carlson H, Elmer PJ. Static magnetic field therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome:a feasibility study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91:1098-104.
Confino-Cohen R, Lishner M, Savin H, Lang R, Ravid M. Response of carpal tunnel syndrome to hormone replacement therapy. Brit Med J 1991;303:1514.
Cook AC, Szabo RM, Birkholz SW, King EF. Early mobilization following carpal tunnel release. A prospective randomized study. J Hand Surgery 1995;20B(2):228-230.
Cowan, J., H. Makanji, et al. (2012). "Determinants of return to work after carpal tunnel release." J Hand Surg Am 37(1): 18-27
Dammers, J. W. H. H., M. M. Veering, et al. (1999). "Injection with methylprednisolone proximal to the carpal tunnel: randomised double blind trial." Brit Med J 319: 884-886.
Dammers HJ, Veering MM. Two injections with steroids close to the carpal tunnel are a greater help in CTS than one injection; 76.5% and 50% success. (abstract). Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 2001;6:137.
Dammers JWHH, Roos Y, Veering MM, Vermeulen M. Injection with methylprednisolone in patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome A randomised double blind trial testing three different doses. J Neurol 2006;253:574-77.
Davis, P T. Hulbert, J R. Kassak, K M. Meyer, J J. (1998) “Comparative efficacy of conservative medical and chiropractic treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized clinical trial” J Manipulative Physiol Ther 21(5): 317-326
De Angelis, M. V., F. Peierfelice, et al. (2009). "Efficacy of a soft hand brace and a wrist splint for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled study." Acta Neurol Scand 119: 68-74.
de Krom MC, Knipschild PG, Kester AD, Thijs CT, Boekkooi PF, Spaans F. "Carpal tunnel syndrome, prevalence in the general population." J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45(4):373-76.
Dekel S, Papaionnou T, Rushworth G, Coates R. Idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome caused by carpal stenosis. Brit Med J 1980;280:1297-99.
Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. Chronic nerve compression model for the double crush hypothesis. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26:259-64.
Demirci, S., S. Kutluhan, et al. (2002). "Comparison of open carpal tunnel release and local steroid treatment outcomes in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome." Rheumatol Int 22(1): 33-37.
Demiryurek BE, Gundogdu AA. (2017) The Effect of Vitamin D Levels on Pain In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR.
Descatha, A., L. Huard, et al. (2012). "Meta-Analysis on the Performance of Sonography for the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Semin Arthritis Rheum.
DeStefano F, Nordstrom DL, Vierkant RA. Long term symptom outcomes of carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment. J Hand Surgery 1997;22A(March):200-10.
Dimitrios S, Stasinopoulos L (2017) "Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in pregnancy with Polarized Polychromatic Non-coherent Light (Bioptron Light): A Preliminry, Prospective, Open Clinical Trial" Laser Therapy 26.4: 289-295
Duncan, I., P. Sullivan, et al. (1999). "Sonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome." Am J Roentgenol 173(3): 681-684.
Durkan, J. A. (1991). "A new diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome." J Bone Joint Surg 73A: 535-538.
Durkan, J. A. (1994). "The carpal compression test: an instrumental device for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome." Orthop Rev 23: 522-525.
Ebata T, Tokunaga S, Abe Y. Postoperative Follow-Up of Extreme Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: How Long Does It Take to Recover Thumb Opposition? The Journal of Hand Surgery 2014;39(9):e30.
Ebata T, Tokunaga S, Takahashi Y, et al. Postoperative Follow-up of Severe Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Does Thumb Opposition Recover? The Journal of Hand Surgery 2012;37(8):2-3.
Ebenbichler GR, Resch KL, Nicolakis P, Wiesinger GF, Uhl F, Ghanem A-H, et al. Ultrasound treatment for treating the carpal tunnel syndrome: randomised "sham" controlled trial. Brit Med J 1998;316(7133):731-35.
Eberlin KR, Vargas CR, Chuang DJ, et al. Patient education for carpal tunnel syndrome: analysis of readability. Hand (N Y) 2015;10(3):374-80.
Edgell SE, McCabe SJ, Breidenbach WC, LaJoie AS, Abell TD. Predicting the outcome of carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surgery 2003;28A:255-61.
Eftekharsadat B, Shakouri SK, Shimia M, Rahbar M, Ghojazadeh M, Rashidi MR, et al. Effect of E. Laciniata (L) ointment on mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research 2010;Epub ahead of print.
El Miedany YM, Aty SA, Ashour S. Ultrasonography versus nerve conduction study in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: substantive or complementary tests? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43(7):887-95.
Ellis, J M. Kishi, T, Azuma, J. Folkers, K (1976) “Vitamin B6 deficiency in patients with a clinical syndrome including the carpal tunnel defect: biochemical and clinical response to therapy with pyridoxine” Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 13:743-757
Ettema, A. M., P. C. Amadio, et al. (2004). "A histological and biochemical study of the subsynovial connective tissue in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome." J Bone Joint Surg 86A: 1458-1466.
Evers S, Bryan AJ, Sanders TL, Gunderson T, Gelfman R,Amadio PC (2017) "Corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome: Long-term follow-up in a population-based cohort" Plast Reconstr Surg; 140(2): 338-347
Faithfull, D. K., D. H. Moir, et al. (1986). "The micropathology of the typical carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 11B: 131-132.
Ferry S, Pritchard T, Keenan J, Croft P, Silman AJ. "Estimating the prevalence of delayed median nerve conduction in the general population." Brit J Rheumatol 1998;37:630-35.
Finsen V, Andersen K, Russwurm H. No advantage from splinting the wrist after open carpal tunnel release. A randomized study of 82 wrists. Acta Orthop Scand 1999;70(3):288-292
Flondell, M. Hofer, M. Bjork, J. Atroshi, I (2010) Local steroid innjection for moderately severe idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: Protocol of a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT 00806871), BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 11; 76
Folkers, K. Ellis, J. Watanabe, T. Saji, S. Masahiro, K (1976) “Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in the carpal tunnel syndrome based on a crossover clinical trial” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75(7):3410-3412
Fowler, J. R., J. P. Gaughan, et al. (2011). "The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis." Clin Orthop Relat Res 469(4): 1089-1094.
Franzblau, A. Rock, C L. Werner, R A. Albers, J W. Kelly, M P. Johnston, E C. (1996) “The relationship of vitamin B6 status to median nerve function and carpal tunnel syndrome among active industrial workers” J Occup Environ Med 38:485-491
Freeland, A. E., M. A. Tucci, et al. (2002). "Biochemical evaluation of serum and flexor tenosynovium in carpal tunnel syndrome." Microsurgery 22(8): 378-385.
Frueh FS, Palma AF, Raptis DA, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Analysis of online patient information with the EQIP tool. Chir Main 2015;34(3):113-21.
Fuchs, P. C., P. A. Nathan, et al. (1991). "Synovial histology in carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 16A: 753-758.
Futami T, Kobayashi A, Wakabayshi N, Yonemoto K, Nakamura K. Natural history of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Jpn Soc Surg Hand 1992;9:128-130.
Futami T, Kobayashi A, Ukita T, Endoh T, Fujita T. Carpal tunnel syndrome; it's natural history. Hand Surg 1997;2:129-130.
Ganel, A., J. Engel, et al. (1979). "Nerve entrapments associated with postmastectomy lymphedema." Cancer 44: 2254-2259
Garfinkel, M S. Singhal, A. Katz, W A. David, A A. Reshtar, R (1998) “Yoga based intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomised trial” JAMA 280:1601-1603
Garland, F. C., C. F. Garland, et al. (1996). "Carpal tunnel syndrome and occupation in U.S Navy enlisted personnel." Arch Environ Health 51: 395-407.
Garti, A., et al., Increased median nerve latency at the carpal tunnel of patients with "trigger finger". Acta Orthop Scand, 2001. 72(3): p. 279-281
Gelberman RH, Aronson D, Weismann MH. Carpal tunnel syndrome: results of a prospective trial of steroid injection and splinting. J Bone Joint Surg 1980;62A:1181-1184.
Gelberman, R. H., P. T. Hergenroeder, et al. (1981). "The carpal tunnel syndrome: a study of carpal canal pressures." J Bone Joint Surg 63A: 380-383.
Gerritsen, A. A. M., H. C. W. de Vet, et al. (2002). "Splinting vs Surgery in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomised controlled trial." JAMA 288(10): 1245-1251.
Gerritsen, A. A. M., J. B. C. Korthals-de-Bos, et al. (2003). "Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: prognostic indicators of success." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74: 1342-1344.
Ginanneschi F, Milani P, Filippou G, Mondelli M, Frediani B, Melcangi R, et al. Evidences for Antinociceptive Effect of 17-Alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN. 2012;47:59-66.
Goga, I. E. (1990). "Carpal tunnel syndrome in black South Africans." Journal of Hand Surgery 15B: 96-99.
Goldfarb, C. A., R. H. Gelberman, et al. (2007). "Extra-articular steroid injection: early patient response and the incidence of flare reaction." J Hand Surg Am 32(10): 1513-1520.
Gordon T, Amirjani N, Edwards DC, et al. Brief post-surgical electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation without affecting the functional measures in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Exp Neurol 2010;223(1):192-202.
Goshtasby, P.H., D.R. Wheeler, and O.J. May, Risk factors for trigger finger occurrence after carpal tunnel release. Hand Surgery, 2010. 15(81): p. 81-87
Gottlieb, N. L. and W. G. Riskin (1980). "Complications of local corticosteroid injections." JAMA 243: 1547-1548.
Graham RG, Hudson DA, Solomons M, Singer M. A prospective study to asses the outcome of steroid injections and wrist splinting for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:550-556.
Grandizio LC, Beck JD, Rutter MR, Graham j, Klena JC (2014) "The Incidence of Trigger Digit After Carpal Tunnel Release in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients" Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume) 39(2): 280-285
Gunnoo N, Ebelin M, Arrault M, et al. Impact of carpal tunnel syndrome surgery on women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;152(3):683-6.
Guo D, Tang Y, Ji Y, et al. A non-scalpel technique for minimally invasive surgery: percutaneously looped thread transection of the transverse carpal ligament. Hand 2014.
Gursoy AE, Bilgen HR, Duruyen H, Altintas O, Kolukisa M, Asil T. (2016) The evaluation of vitamin D levels in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurol Sci.
Hains, G., M. Descameaux, et al. (2010). "A randomized controlled (intervention) trial of ischemic compression therapy for chronic carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association 54(3): 155-163.
Habib GS, Badarny S, Rawashdeh H. A novel approach of local corticosteroid injection for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2006;25(3):338-340.
Hakim, A. J., L. Cherkas, et al. (2002). "The genetic contribution to carpal tunnel syndrome in women: a twin study." Arthritis Rheum 47(3): 275-279.
Hameso A, Bland JDP (2017) "Prevalence of decompression surgery in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome 8 years after initial treatment with a local corticosteroid injection" J Hand Surg Eur Vol; 42(3): 275-280
Hammer, H. B., I. A. Hovden, et al. (2006). "Ultrasonography shows increased cross-sectional area of the median nerve in patients with arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome " Rheumatology 45: 584-588.
Hankins CL, Brown MG, Lopez RA, et al. A 12-year experience using the Brown two-portal endoscopic procedure of transverse carpal ligament release in 14,722 patients: defining a new paradigm in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;120(7):1911-21. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000287287.85044.87 [published Online First: 2007/12/20]
Hansen TB, Dalsgaard J, Meldgaard A, et al. A prospective study of prognostic factors for duration of sick leave after endoscopic carpal tunnel release. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009;10:144.
Harada, K., et al., Trigger digits-associated carpal tunnel syndrome: relationship between carpal tunnel release and trigger digits. Hand Surgery, 2005. 10(2-3): p. 205-208.
Hartmann, P., M. Mohokum, et al. (2011). "The association of Raynaud's syndrome with carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis." Rheumatology International.
Haupt, W. F., G. Wintzer, et al. (1993). "Long-term results of carpal tunnel decompression." Journal of Hand Surgery 18B: 471-474
Hayashi, M., et al., Carpal tunnel syndrome and development of trigger digit. J Clin Neurosci, 2005. 12(1): p. 39-41.
Heathfield KWG, Tibbles JAR. Chlorothiazide in treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Brit Med J 1961;2:29-30.
Herskovitz S, Berger AR, Lipton RB. Low-dose, short-term oral prednisolone in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurology 1995;45:1923-25.
Hirata H, Nagakura T, Tsujii M, Morita A, Fujisawa K, Uchida A. The relationship of VEGF and PGE2 expression to extracellular matrix remodelling of the tenosynovium in the carpal tunnel syndrome. J Pathol 2004;204(5):605-12.
Hobson-Webb, L. D., J. M. Massey, et al. (2008). "The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome." Clinical Neurophysiology 119: 1353-1357.
Hochberg J. A randomized prospective study to assess the efficacy of two cold-therapy treatments following carpal tunnel release. J Hand Ther 2001;14(3):208-15.
Horch, R. E., K. H. Allman, et al. (1997). "Median nerve compression can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging of the carpal tunnel." Neurosurgery 41: 76-83.
Horng Y-S, Hsieh S-F, Tu Y-K, Lin M-C, Horng Y-S, Wang J-D. The Comparative Effectiveness of Tendon and Nerve Gliding Exercises in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2011;90(6):435-42.
Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C. Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand). The upper extremity collaborative group (UECG). Am J Ind Med 1996;29:602-08.
Hui AC, Wong S, Leung CH, Tong P, Mok V, Poon D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of surgery vs steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurology 2005;64(12):2074-78.
Hui, A. C. F., S. M. Wong, et al. (2011). "Gabapentin for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial." European Journal of Neurology 18(5): 726-730.
Hussain, S. S., C. Taylor, et al. (2011). "Ulnar artery ischaemia following corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome." New Zealand Medical Journal 124(1335): 80-83
Irvine, J., S. L. Chong, et al. (2004). "Double-blind randomized controlled trial of low-level laser therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome." Muscle and Nerve 30(2): 182-187
Irwin LR, Beckett R, Suman RK. Steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surgery 1996;21B:355-357.
Isaac SM, Okoro T, Danial I, et al. Does wrist immobilization following open carpal tunnel release improve functional outcome? A literature review. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine 2010;3(1-4):11-7.
Ismatullah, "Local steroid injection or carpal tunnel release for carpal tunnel syndrome - Which is more effective?" J Postgrad Med Inst 27(2): 194-199
Iwatsuki K, Nishikawa K, Chaki M, et al. Comparative responsiveness of the Hand 20 and the DASH-JSSH questionnaires to clinical changes after carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2014;39(2):145-51.
Jarvik JG, Comstock BA, Kliot M, Turner JA, Chan L, Heagerty PJ, et al. Surgery versus non-surgical therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomised parallel-group trial. The Lancet 2009;374:1074-81.
Jazayeri SM, Azizi S, Moghtaderi AR. Autologous blood injection in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2009;49(8):369-72.
Jeffrey SLA, Belcher HJCR. Use of Arnica to relieve pain after carpal-tunnel release surgery. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2002;8(2):66–8.
Jenkins PJ, Duckworth AD, Watts AC, et al. The outcome of carpal tunnel decompression in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Bone Joint Surg 2012;94B(6):811-14.
Jenkins PJ, Duckworth AD, Watts AC, McEachan JE. "Corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome: a 5-year survivorship analysis" Hand; 2012; 7; 151-156
Jerosch-Herold C, Shepstone L, Miller L. Sensory relearning after surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome: a pilot clinical trial. Muscle Nerve 2012;46:885-90.
Jerosch-Herold C, Houghton J, Miller L, Shepstone L. "Does sensory relearning improve tactile function after carpal tunnel decompression? A pragmatic, assessor-blinded, randomized clinical trial" J.Hand Surg Eur Vole 2016, epub ahead of print
Julka A, Vranceanu AM, Shah AS, Peters F, Ring D. Predictors of pain during and the day after corticosteroid injection for idiopathic trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am 2012;37(2):237-242.
Kaplan SJ, Glickel SZ, Eaton RG. Predictive factors in the non-surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surgery 1990;15B:106-108.
Karadas O, Tok F, Ulas UH, Otabas IZ. The effectiveness of triamcinolone acetonide vs. procaine hydrochloride injection in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2011;90:287-292.
Karadas O, Koroglu Omac O, Tok F, Ozgul A, Odabasi Z. Effects of steroid with repetitive procaine HCl injection in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome: An ultrasonographic study. J Neurol Sci 2012.
Katz JN, Fossel KK, Simmons BP, et al. Symptoms, functional status, and neuromuscular impairment following carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surgery 1995;20A:549-55.
Katz JN, Keller RB, Fossel AH, et al. Predictors of return to work following carpal tunnel release. Am J Ind Med 1997;31:85-91.
Katz, J. N., E. Losina, et al. (2001). "Predictors of outcomes of carpal tunnel release." Arthritis and Rheumatism 44: 1184-1193.
Keberle, M., M. Jenett, et al. (2000). "Technical advances in ultrasound and MR imaging of carpal tunnel syndrome." Eur Radiol 10(7): 1043-1050.Kele, H., R. Verheggen, et al. (2002). "The potential value of ultrasonography in the evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome." Neurology 61: 389-391.
Keles, I., A. T. Karagulle Kendi, et al. (2005). "Diagnostic precision of ultrasonography in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome." Am J Phys Med Rehabil 84(6): 443-450.
Kerr, C. D., D. R. Sybert, et al. (1992). "An analysis of the flexor synovium in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: report of 625 cases." Journal of Hand Surgery 17A: 1028-1030.
Kirschner JS, Ma RT, Scollon-Grieve KL. The efficacy of ultrasound guidance compared with blind corticosteroid injection for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011;3(10S1):S193-194
Koyuncu H, Unver FN, Sahin U, Togay P. 1MHz-3Mhz ultrasound applications in carpal tunnel syndrome. Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitsayon Dergisi 1995;19:141-45.
Kronlage S C, Menendez M E, "The benefit of carpal tunnel release in patients with electrophysiologically moderate and severe disease" 2015, J Hand Surg (Am); 40 (3): 438-444 e1
Kulick, M. I., G. Gordillo, et al. (1986). "Long-term analysis of patients having surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 11A(1): 59-65
Kumar, P. and I. Chakrabarti, Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Trigger Finger: Is There an Association? Journal of Hand Surgery, 2009. 34E: p. 58-59.
Kuntzer T. Carpal tunnel syndrome in 100 patients: sensitivity, specificity of multi-neurophysiological procedures and estimation of axonal loss of motor, sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres. J Neurol Sci 1994;127:221-29.
Kwon, B. C., K. I. Jong, et al. (2008). "Comparison of sonography and electrodiagnostic testing in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 33A: 65-71.
Latinovic R, Guilford MC, Hughes RA. "Incidence of common compressive neuropathies in primary care." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77(2):263-65.
Lee SK, Bae KW, Choy WS, "The relationship of trigger finger and flexor tendon volar migration after carpal tunnel release" Journal of Hand Surgery 2014;39E(7);694-698
Lee SH, Gong HS, Kim DH et al. (2016) Evaluation of vitamin D levels in women with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Eur Vol., 41: 663-47.
Levine DW, Simmons BP, Koris MJ, Daltroy LH, Hohl GG, Fossel AH, et al. A self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of severity of symptoms and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1993;75A:1585-92.
Lin FY, Manrique OJ, Lin CL, Cheng HT (2017) "Incidence of trigger digits following carpal tunnel release: A nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study" Medicine(Baltimore) 96(27), e7355
Lin FY, Wu CI, Cheng HT (2017a) "Conicidence or complication? A systematic review of trigger digit after carpal tunnel release" J Plast Surg Hand Surg, epub before print DOI 10.1080/2000656X.2017.1345751
Loong, S.C., The carpal tunnel syndrome: a clinical and electrophysiological study in 250 patients. Proc Aust Assoc Neurol, 1977. 14: p. 51-65.
Lozano-Calderon S, Anthony S, Ring D. The Quality and Strength of Evidence for Etiology:Example of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. J Hand Surgery 2008;33A:525-538.
Ly-Pen, D., J.-L. Andreu, et al. (2005). "Surgical decompression versus local steroid injection in carpal tunnel syndrome: a one-year, prospective, randomized, open, controlled clinical trial." Arthritis Rheum 52(2): 612-619.
Ly-pen D, Andreu J-L, Millan I, de Blas G, Sanchez-Olaso A, (2012) "Comparison of surgical decompression and local steroid injection in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: 2-year clinical results from a randomised trial." Rheumatology 51: 1447-1454
Macdougal, B., P.M. Weeks, and R.C.J. Wray, Median nerve compression and trigger finger in mucopolysaccharidoses and related diseases. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1977. 59: p. 260-263.
Malahias MA, Johnson EO, Babis GC, Nikolaou VS "Single injection of platelet-rich plasma as a novel treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome" Neural Regen Res 2015; 10(11): 1856-1859.
Malone DG, Clark TB, Wei N. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Injection, Hydrodissection, and Fenestration for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:Description of a New Technique. The Journal of Applied Research 2010;10(3):116-23.
Manente, G., F. Torrieri, et al. (1999). "A relief maneuver in carpal tunnel syndrome." Muscle and Nerve 22: 1587-1589.
Manente, G., F. Torrieri, et al. (2001). "An innovative hand brace for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial." Muscle and Nerve 24: 1020-1025
Mattioli S, Baldasseroni A, Curti S, Cooke RM, Mandes A, Zanardi F, et al. Incidence rates of surgically treated idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome in blue- and white-collar workers and housewives in Tuscany, Italy. Occup Environ Med 2009;66(5):299-304.
May DC. Results of an OSHA ergonomic intervention program in New Hampshire. Appl Occup Environ Hygiene 2002;17(11):768-73.
McShane John M, Slaff Samantha, Gold Judith E, Nazarian Levon N. "Sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome" J Ultrasound Med, 2012;31:1341-1349
Meena, A. K., C. Srinivasulu, et al. (2003). "High resolution sonography and electrophysiology - correlation in carpal tunnel syndrome (abstract)." Muscle and Nerve Supplement 12: 92-93.
Meys, V., S. Thissen, et al. (2011). "Prognostic factors in carpal tunnel syndrome treated with a corticosteroid injection." Muscle and Nerve 44(5): 763-768.
Michalsen A, Bock S, Ludtke R, Rampp T, Baecker M, Bachmann J, et al. Effects of traditional cupping therapy in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain 2009;10(6):601-8.
Mieog, J. S. D., J. P. Morden, et al. (2012). "Carpal tunnel syndrome and musculoskeletal symptoms in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer treated with exemestane or tamoxifen after 2–3 years of tamoxifen: a retrospective analysis of the Intergroup Exemestane Study." Lancet Oncology Epub Ahead of Print: 1-13.
Milani P, Mondelli M, Ginanneschi F, Mazzocchio R, Rossi A. Progesterone - new therapy in mild carpal tunnel syndrome? Study design of a randomized clinical trial for local therapy. Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury 2010;5(11):1-7.
Moga M M. Magnetic field activity during psychic healing: A preliminary study with Healing Touch practitioners. Journal of Nonlocality 2014;3(1):1-23
Moghtaderi AR, Jazayeri SM, Azizi S. EMLA cream for carpal tunnel syndrome: how it compares with steroid injection. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2009;49(6-7):287-9.
Mondelli M, Reale F, Padua R, et al. Clinical and neurophysiological outcome of surgery in extreme carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;112(7):1237-42.
Mondelli M, Giannini F, Giacchi M. "Carpal tunnel syndrome incidence in a general population." Neurology 2002;58(2):289-94.
Mondelli M, Padua L, Reale F, et al. Outcome of surgical release among diabetics with carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(1):7-13.
Moran, L., M. Perez, et al. (2009). "Sonographic Measurement of Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Correlation with Nerve Conduction Studies." J Clin Ultrasound 37: 125-131.
Morgan G, Wilbourn AJ. Cervical radiculopathy and coexisting distal entrapment neuropathies: double-crush syndromes? Neurology 1998;50(1):78-83.
Muhlau G, Both R, Kunath H. (1984) Carpal tunnel syndrome - course and prognosis. J Neurol;231:83-86.
Naeser MA, Hahn KA, Lieberman BE, Branco KF. Carpal tunnel syndrome pain treated with low-level laser and microamperes transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation: A controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83(7):978-88.
Nakamichi, K.-I. and S. Tachibana (1998). "Distance between the median nerve and ulnar neurovascular bundle: clinical significance with ultrasonographically assisted carpal tunnel release." Journal of Hand Surgery 23A(5): 870-874.
Nakamichi, K.-I. and S. Tachibana (2000). "Enlarged median nerve in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome." Muscle and Nerve 23: 1713-1718.
Nakamichi, K.-I. and S. Tachibana (2002). "Ultrasonographic measurement of median nerve cross-sectional area in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: Diagnostic accuracy." Muscle and Nerve 26(6): 798-803.
Nalamachu S, Crockett RS, Mathur D. Lidocaine patch 5% for carpal tunnel syndrome: How it compares with injections: a pilot study. The Journal of Family Practice 2006;55(3):209-14.
Namazi H. Practice pearl: a novel use of rifampicin for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Pain 2008;9(4):380-381
Nancollas MP, Peimer CA, Wheeler DR, et al. Long-term results of carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surgery 1995;20B:470-74.
Narakas AO. The role of thoracic outlet syndrome in the double crush syndrome. Ann Hand Surg 1990;9(5):331-40.
Naranjo, A., S. Ojeda, et al. (2009). "Usefulness of clinical findings, nerve conduction studies and ultrasonography to predict response to surgical release in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome." Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 27(5): 786-793.
Nathan, P. A. (2001). "Effects of an Aerobic Exercise Program on Median Nerve Conduction and Symptoms Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." J Occup Environ Med 43: 840-843.
Neal, N. C., J. McManners, et al. (1987). "Pathology of the flexor tendon sheath in the spontaneous carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 12B: 229-232.
Nemoto K, Matsumoto N, Tazaki K-i, Horiuchi Y, Ushinishi K-i, Mori Y. An experimental study of the "double crush" hypothesis. J Hand Surgery 1987;12A:552-59.
Nissenbaum, M. and H.E. Kleinert, Treatment considerations in carpal tunnel syndrome with coexistent Dupuytren's disease. Journal of Hand Surgery, 1980. 5: p. 544-547.
Nordstrom DL, DeStefano F, Vierkant RA, Layde PM. "Incidence of diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population." Epidemiology 1998;9(3):342-45.
Nourbakhsh M R, Bell T J, Martin J B, Arab A M A. "The effects of Oscillatory Biofield Therapy on Pain and Functional Limitations Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Randomized, PLacebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study" J Alt Complement Med. 2016; epub prior to publication, pp1-10 DOI 10.1089/acm.2016.0083
O'Gradaigh, D. and P. Merry (2000). "Corticosteroid injection for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome." Ann Rheum Dis 59(11): 918-919.
Oh YM, Ma TZ, Kwak YG, et al. Proteomic evaluation to identify biomarkers for carpal tunnel syndrome: a comparative serum analysis. Connect Tissue Res 2013;54(1):76-81. doi: 10.3109/03008207.2012.74632
Ollivere, B. J., K. Logan, et al. (2009). "Severity scoring in carpal tunnel syndrome helps predict the value of conservative therapy." Journal of Hand Surgery 34E: 511-515.
Okutsu I, Ninomiya S, Hamanaka I, Kuroshima N, Inanami h. Measurement of pressure in the carpal tunnel before and after endoscopic management of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1989;71A:679-83.
Ozkul Y, Sabuncu T, Yazgan P, Nazligul Y. Local insulin injection improves median nerve regeneration in NIDDM patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2001;8(4):329-34.
Ozkul Y, Sabuncu T, Kocabey Y, et al. Outcomes of carpal tunnel release in diabetic and non-diabetic patien. Acta Neurol Scand 2002;106(3):168-72.
Oztas O, Turan B, Bora I, Karakaya MK. Ultrasound therapy effect in carpal tunnel syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79(12):1540-44.
Padua L, LoMonaco M, Padua R, Gregori B, Tonali P. Neurophysiological classification of carpal tunnel syndrome assessment of 600 symptomatic hands. Ital J Neurol Sci 1997;18(3):145-50.
Padua, L., R. Padua, et al. (2001). "Multiperspective follow-up of untreated carpal tunnel syndrome: A multicenter study." Neurology 56(11): 1459-1466.
Padua, L., I. Aprile, et al. (2001). "Symptoms and neurophysiological picture of carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy." Clinical Neurophysiology 112(10): 1946-1951.
Padua, L., I. Aprile, et al. (2002). "Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy: multiperspective follow-up of untreated cases." Neurology 59(10): 1643-1646
Padua, L., C. Pazzaglia, et al. (2008). "Carpal tunnel syndrome: ultrasound, neurophysiology, clinical and patient-oriented assessment." Clinical Neurophysiology 119(9): 2064-2069.
Padua, L., A. Di Pasquale, et al. (2010). "Systematic review of pregnancy-related carpal tunnel syndrome." Muscle and Nerve 42(5): 697-702.
Page M J,O'Connor D, Pitt V, Massy-Westropp N "Exercise and mobilisation interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome" Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012(6)
Palmer, K. T., E. C. Harris, et al. (2007). "Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relation to occupation: a systematic literature review." Occup Med (Lond) 57: 57-66
Papaloizos MY. Electrodiagnostic predictors of postoperative neuralgia after surgical release for severe carpal tunnel syndrome in elderly patients. J Hand Surgery 2010;35(10):31-32.
Parot-Schinkel E, Roquelaure Y, Ha C, et al. Factors affecting return to work after carpal tunnel syndrome surgery in a large French cohort. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92(11):1863-9.
Payne, J. M. and J. S. Brault (2008). "Digital ischemia after carpal tunnel injection: a case report." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89(8): 1607-1610
Pal B, Mangion P, Hossain MA, Wallace AS, Diffey BL. Should diuretics be prescribed for idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome? Results of a controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 1988;2:299-301.
Panagariya A, Sharma AK. A preliminary trial of serratiopeptidase in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Assoc Physicians India 1999;47:1170-72.
Papanicolaou GD, McCabe SJ, Firrell J. "The prevalence and characteristics of nerve compression symptoms in the general population." J Hand Surgery 2001;26A(3):460-66.
Papez J, Palfy M, Mertik M, Turk Z. Infrared thermography based on artificial intelligence as a screening method for carpal tunel syndrome diagnosis. J Int Med Res 2009;37:779-90.
Pastare, D., A. K. Therimadasamy, et al. (2009). "Sonography versus nerve conduction studies in patients referred with a clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome." J Clin Ultrasound 37(7): 389-393.
Phalen, G. S. (1966). "The carpal-tunnel syndrome: seventeen years' experience in diagnosis and treatment of six hundred and fifty-four hands." J Bone Joint Surg 48A: 211-228.
Phalen GS. (1972) The carpal-tunnel syndrome: clinical evaluation of 598 hands. Clin Orthop;83:29-40
Peiteado López, D., C. Bohórquez Heras, et al. (2008). "Validity and Usefulness of Echography in the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Reumatología Clínica (English Edition) 4(3): 100-106.
Pierre-Jerome C, Bekkelund SI, Mellgren SI, Nordstrom R. (1997) Quantitative MR imaging and electrophysiology of preoperative carpal tunnel syndrome in a female population. Ergonomics 40:642-49.
Pinilla, I., C. Martin-Hervas, et al. (2008). "The Usefulness of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 33E(4): 435-439.
Pomerance J, Fine I. Outcomes of carpal tunnel surgery with and without supervised postoperative therapy. J Hand Surgery 2007;32A:1159-1165.
Porrata H, Porrata A, Sosner J. New Carpal Ligament Traction Device for the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Unresponsive to Conservative Therapy. J Hand Ther 2007;20:20-28.
Powell F. Desensitisation techniques: Do they reduce scar sensitivity following carpal tunnel release? (A pilot study).
Unpublished Masters Thesis 2003. - this is reference in the Cochrane review of post-operative care - I have not seen it.
Pryse-Phillips, W. E. M. (1984). "Validation of a diagnostic sign in carpal tunnel syndrome." J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 47: 870-872.
Redmond, M. and H. Rivner (1988). "False positive electrodiagnostic tests in carpal tunnel syndrome." Muscle and Nerve 11: 511-517.
Reilly PA, Clarke AK, Ring EFJ. Thermography in carpal tunnel syndrome. Rheumatology 1989;28:553-54.
Robinson L R, Micklesen, P J, Wang, L (1998) “Strategies for analyzing nerve conduction data: superiority of a summary index over single tests” Muscle and Nerve, 21(9); 1166-1171
Roll, S. C., J. Case-Smith, et al. (2011). "Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasonography VS. Electromyography in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Literature Review Article." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 37(10): 1539-1553.
Rottgers, S.A., D. Lewis, and R.A. Wollstein, Concomitant presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj, 2009. 4: p. 13.
Sarria, L., T. Cabada, et al. (2000). "Carpal tunnel syndrome: usefulness of sonography." Eur Radiol 10(12): 1920-1925.
Seiler WA, Schlegel R, Mackinnon SE. Double crush syndrome: an experimental model in the rat. Surg Forum 1983;34:596-98.
Seok H, Kim SH, (2014) "The effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy vs local steroid injection for management of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randmized controlled trial" Am J Phys Med Rehabil; 92(4): 327-334
Shimpo T, Gilliatt RW, Kennett RP, Allen PJ. Susceptibility to pressure neuropathy distal to a constricting ligature in the guineal pig. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:1625-32.
Sim, H., et al., Acupuncture for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Pain, 2011. 12(3): p. 307-14.
Smidt, M. H. and L. H. Visser (2008). "Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical and sonographic follow-up after surgery." Muscle and Nerve 38: 987-991.
Solbiati, L., L. de Pra, et al. (1992). "High resolution sonography of the carpal tunnel syndrome." J Echographie Med Ultrason 13: 48-54.
Spence SH. Cognitive-behaviour therapy in the treatment of chronic occupational pain of the upper limbs: a 2 year follow up. Behav Res Ther 1991;27:503-09.
Stevens JC, Sun S, Beard CM, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. "Carpal tunnel syndrome in Rochester Minnesota, 1961-1980." Neurology 1988;38(1):134-38.
Stevens JC, Witt JC, Smith BE, Weaver AL. The frequency of carpal tunnel syndrome in computer users at a medical facility. Neurology 2001;56:1568-70.
Stevinson C, Devaraj VS, Fountain-Barber A, Hawkins S, Ernst E. Homeopathic arnica for prevention of pain
and bruising: randomized placebo-controlled trial in hand surgery. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2003;96(2):
60–5.
Storey P, Armstrong D, Dear H, Bradley M, Burke F Pilot randomised controlled trial comparing C-Trac splint with Beta Wrist Braces for the management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Hand Therapy; 2013; Online First 6 June 2013
Storey, P., A, et al., Levine-Katz (Boston) Questionnaire analysis: means, medians or grouped totals? Journal of Hand Surgery, 2009 34E: p. 810-812.
Stransky, G., E. Wenger, et al. (1989). "Collagen dysplasia in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome." Pathol Res Pract 185: 795-798.
Stubblefield MD, Kim A, Riedel ER, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome in breast cancer survivors with upper extremity lymphedema. Muscle Nerve 2015;51(6):864-9.
Stutz, N., A. Gohritz, et al. (2006). "Revision surgery after carpal tunnel release: analysis of the pathology in 200 cases during a 2-year period." Journal of Hand Surgery 31B: 68-71.
Swen, W. A. A., J. W. G. Jacobs, et al. (2001). "Carpal tunnel sonography by the rheumatologist versus nerve conduction study by the neurologist." J Rheumatol 28(1): 62-69.
Tal-Akabi, A. Rushton, A (2000) “Am investigation to compare the effectiveness of carpal bone mobilisation and neurodynamic mobilisation as methods of treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome” Manual Therapy 5(4):214-222
Talmor, M., M. P. Patel, et al. (2003). "COX-2 up-regulation in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 112(7): 1807-1814.
Tan, T. C., C. J. Yeo, et al. (2011). "High Definition Ultrasound as Diagnostic Adjunct for Incomplete Carpal Tunnel Release." Hand Surgery 16(03): 289.
Tang CQY, Lai SWH, Tay SC (2017) "Patient reported outcomes of of carpal tunnel release surgery in patients with bilateral severe carpal tunnel syndrome" Journal of Hand Surgery (Eur Volume), epub before print
Tanik N, Balbaloglu O, Ucar M, et al.(2016) Does vitamin D deficiency trigger carpal tunnel syndrome? J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2016 doi: 10.3233/bmr-160696 [published Online First: 2016/04/12]
Thomas RE, Vaidya SC, Herrick RT, Congleton JJ. The effects of biofeedback on carpal tunnel syndrome. Ergonomics 1993;36:353-61.
Thomsen NO, Cederlund R, Rosen I, et al. Clinical outcomes of surgical release among diabetic patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: prospective follow-up with matched controls. J Hand Surg Am 2009;34(7):1177-87.
Thomsen NO, Rosen I, Dahlin LB. Neurophysiologic recovery after carpal tunnel release in diabetic patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2010;121:1569-73.
Thomsen NO, Cederlund RI, Andersson GS, et al. Carpal tunnel release in patients with diabetes: a 5-year follow-up with matched controls. J Hand Surg Am 2014;39(4):713-20.
Toesca, A., A. Pagnotta, et al. (2008). "Estrogen and progesterone receptors in carpal tunnel syndrome." Cell Biol Int 32(1): 75-79.
Tsai, C.-P., C.-Y. Liu, et al. (2006). "Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Relief of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Preliminary Experience." Clinical Drug Investigation 26(9): 511-515.
Tucci, M. A., V. Sud, et al. (2001). "Compression of the median nerve in CTS is mediated by periods of acute synovial swelling." Biomed Sci Instrum 37: 299-303.
Upton ARM, McComas AJ. The double crush in nerve entrapment syndromes. The Lancet 1973;1:359-61
Uzun H, Bitik O, Uzun O, Ersoy US, Aktas E "Platelet-rich plasma versus corticosteroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome" J Plast Surg Hand Surg, Published online Dec 2016
Vahi PS, Kals M, Koiv L, et al. Preoperative corticosteroid injections are associated with worse long-term outcome of surgical carpal tunnel release. Acta orthopaedica 2014.
Van Heest, A.E., et al., Surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger digits in children with mucopolysaccharide storage disorders. Journal of Hand Surgery, 1998. 23A(2): p. 236-243.
van Rijn, R. M., B. M. Huisstede, et al. (2009). "Associations between work-related factors and the carpaltunnel syndrome--a systematic review." Scand J Work Environ Health 35: 19-36
vanVeen KE, Alblas KC, Alons IM, et al. Corticosteroid injection in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Muscle Nerve 2014.
Visser, L. H., M. H. Smidt, et al. (2008). "High-resolution sonography versus EMG in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome." JNNP 79: 63-67.
Visser, L. H., Q. Ngo, et al. (2011). "Long term effect of local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome: A relation with electrodiagnostic severity." Clinical Neurophysiology. - electronic version in advance of publication
Vogelin, E., E. Nuesch, et al. (2010). "Sonographic Follow-Up of Patients With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Undergoing Surgical or Nonsurgical Treatment: Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Hand Surgery 35A: 1401-1409.
Wallace DL, Latimer MD, Belcher HJ. Stopping Warfarin is unnecessary for hand surgery. J Hand Surg Br, 2004; 29(3), 203-5
Weintraub MI. Noninvasive laser neurolysis in carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1997;20:1029-31.
Weiss A-PC, Sachar K, Gendreau M. Conservative management of carpal tunnel syndrome: a reexamination of steroid injection and splinting. J Hand Surgery 1994;19A(3):410-415.
Werner, R. A., A. Franzblau, et al. (2005). "Randomized controlled trial of nocturnal splinting for active workers with symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome." Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86: 1-7
Wessel, L.E., et al., Epidemiology of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Patients With Single Versus Multiple Trigger Digits. Journal of Hand Surgery, 2012. online first: p. 1-7.
Wiesler, E. R., G. D. Chloros, et al. (2006). "The use of diagnostic ultrasound in carpal tunnel syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 31A: 367-372.
Wilbourn AJ, Breuer AC. The double crush syndrome: a reappraisal (abstract). Neurology 1986;36(suppl 1):234-35.
Witt, J. C. and J. C. Stevens (2000). "Neurologic disorders masquerading as carpal tunnel syndrome: 12 cases of failed carpal tunnel release." Mayo Clin Proc 75(4): 409-413.
Wong, S. M., J. F. Griffith, et al. (2004). "Carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic usefulness of sonography." Radiology 232(1): 93-99.
Wong SM, Hui ACF, Lo SK, Chiu JH, Poon WF, Wong I. Single vs. two steroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomised clnical trial. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2005;59(12):1417-21.
Wood VE, Bioni J. Double-crush nerve compression in thoracic-outlet syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72A:85-88.
Wu YT, Ho TY, Chou YC, Ke MJ, Li TY, Huang GS, Chen LC "Six month efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for carpal tunnel syndrome: A prospective randomized, single-blind controlled trial" Sci Rep 2017; 7(1): 94
Yang, C. P., C. L. Hsieh, et al. (2009). "Acupuncture in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial." Clinical Journal of Pain 25(4): 327-333.
Yang, C.P., et al., A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture versus oral steroids for carpal tunnel syndrome: a long-term follow-up. J Pain, 2011. 12(2): p. 272-9.
Yazdchi, M., M. K. Tarzemani, et al. (2012). "Sensitivity and specificity of median nerve ultrasonography in diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome." Int J Gen Med 5: 99-103.
Yesildag, A., S. Kutluhan, et al. (2004). "The role of ultrasonographic measurements of the median nerve in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome." Clin Radiol 59(10): 910-915.
Yu J, Bendler EM, Mentari A. Neurological disorders associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1979;19:27-32.
Zieske, L., et al., Revision Carpal Tunnel Surgery: A 10-Year Review of Intraoperative Findings and Outcomes. Journal of Hand Surgery, 2013. 38A: 1530-1539.
Ziswiler HR, Reichenbach S, Vogelin E, Bachmann LM, Villiger PM, Juni P. Diagnostic value of sonography in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(1):304-11.
Zyluk A, Puchalski P. A comparison of outcomes of carpal tunnel release in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2013;38(5):485-8.
Revision date - 9th July 2023
